⭐ Khandagiri & Udayagiri Caves History – The Timeless Jain Heritage of Bhubaneswar | By Mr gkojha




Introduction

Khandagiri and Udayagiri Caves in Bhubaneswar, Odisha represent one of India’s most important archaeological treasures. Carved nearly 2000 years ago, these caves reflect the artistic excellence and Jain heritage patronized by Emperor Kharavela of Kalinga.

⭐ Historical Background

Carved in the 1st century BCE, the caves were commissioned by Maha Meghavahana Kharavela. They served as retreats for Jain monks, who lived and meditated here.

The most important source of history is the Hathigumpha Inscription, written in Brahmi script, describing Kharavela’s reign, achievements, and contributions.

⭐ Meaning of the Names

  • Udayagiri – "Sunrise Hill", consisting of 18 caves

  • Khandagiri – "Broken Hill", consisting of 15 caves

Together, these hills form one of India’s most significant Jain archaeological complexes.

⭐ Major Caves and Their Features

1. Rani Gumpha (Queen’s Cave) – Udayagiri


This is the most impressive cave, known for:

  • Double-storey structure

  • Sculpted panels

  • War scenes

  • Musicians and dancers

  • Royal processions

It resembles a palace carved inside stone.

2. Hathigumpha (Elephant Cave) – Udayagiri


This cave contains the 17-line Hathigumpha inscription, one of the oldest historical records in India.

3. Ganesa Gumpha

Known for its elephant carvings and ancient pillars.

4. Tatowa & Manchapuri Gumpha – Khandagiri


These caves feature:

  • Parrot carvings

  • Lion figures

  • Jain Tirthankara reliefs

These caves were primary meditation spaces for Jain monks.

⭐ Jain Heritage & Spiritual Importance

Khandagiri & Udayagiri served as important centers for Jain monks. Even today, Jain pilgrims consider this a sacred site.


⭐ Art & Architecture

These caves showcase:

  • Rock-cut pillars

  • Ornamental arches

  • Animal motifs

  • Carved figurines

  • Ancient Brahmi inscriptions

  • Royal artwork

All created using early stone-carving techniques.

⭐ Visitor Guide

  • Location: Bhubaneswar

  • Entry Fee: ₹25 (Indians) / ₹300 (Foreign nationals)

  • Timings: 8 AM – 5 PM

  • Best Time: October–March

  • Nearby attractions: Lingaraj Temple, Rajarani Temple, Dhauli Shanti Stupa

⭐ Conclusion

Khandagiri and Udayagiri stand as majestic symbols of Odisha’s glorious past. Their history, inscriptions, and artistic carvings preserve the legacy of Jain culture and Emperor Kharavela’s extraordinary reign.

A walk through these caves is a journey through 2000 years of ancient Indian history.


Location: Khandagiri, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

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